72 3 CHAPTER 3 APPENDIX Appendix A. Measures used to assess current mental illness and substance abuse. Scale Information Cut-off score used References The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). A 14-item scale measuring anxiety and depression. A cut-off score of > 8 was used for depression and anxiety, as recommended by earlier research. (14) PTSD checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) A 20-item scale measuring posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Participants received a question screening whether they had experienced extremely stressful events (examples were provided), and if yes, they received the full PCL-5. A cut-off of >33 was used as an indication of PTSD, following the guidelines. (15) ASSIST-LITE Measure to assess a wide range of substance (ab)use. This questionnaire consists of 6 items, one per substance, and 2-3 follow up questions in case a substance is used by the participant in the past 3 months. A cut-off of >= 2 was used for all substances except for alcohol, where the cut-off was >=3, following the user manual. (16) AUDIT-C A 3-item scale, to assess alcohol abuse. A cut-off of >= 8 was used, as recommended for military population. (17)
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