98 Chapter 4 Responses of DEP (versus HC) adolescents to prolonged eye contact (aim 2) Affective responses To examine differences in affective responses to eye contact between DEP and HC adolescents, we performed a generalized linear mixed regression analysis on the main effect of group (i.e., DEP versus HC), and its interactions with gaze direction and target on adolescents’ affect ratings. Mood. Overall, DEP adolescents reported a significantly lower mood after the videos compared to HCs (main effect group: χ2(1) = 55.17, p <.001, Figure 4.2-A). In addition, we found a significant interaction between group × target (χ2(3) = 19.82, p <.001). Whereas HCs reported a higher mood after videos of their parent versus an unfamiliar peer or adult, or themselves (all p <.001), DEP adolescents reported a lower mood after videos of themselves versus their parent (p <.001), an unfamiliar peer (p = .001), and an unfamiliar adult (p = .003). DEP adolescents did not show differences in self-reported mood in responses to videos of their parent versus an unfamiliar peer or adult. There was also a significant interaction between group × gaze direction (χ2(1) = 5.07, p = .024). Whereas HCs reported a better mood after videos with direct versus averted gaze (p <.001), gaze direction did not influence the mood of DEP adolescents (p = .777). There was no significant interaction between group × gaze direction × target on adolescents’ mood (p = .829). Connectedness. We found a significant interaction between group × target (χ2(2) = 31.04, p <.001), indicating that DEP (versus HC) adolescents reported to feel less connected with their parent (p = .021), whereas they did not differ in feelings of connectedness in response to videos of an unfamiliar peer or adult (p = 1.000, for both). There was no main effect of group on adolescents’ feelings of connectedness (p = .234), nor a significant interaction between group × gaze direction (p = .103), indicating that DEP adolescents did not differ from HCs in how connected they felt in response to direct versus averted gaze videos. There was also no significant interaction between group × gaze direction × target on adolescents’ feelings of connectedness (p = .642). Gaze responses To examine differences in gaze responses between DEP versus HC adolescents, we performed a generalized linear mixed regression model on the main effect of group, and its interactions with gaze direction and target on adolescents’ percentage of gaze to the eye region of targets relative to the total video durations. We did not find a significant main effect of group (p = .278), indicating that DEP and HC adolescents did not differ in eye gaze behavior towards the eye region, irrespective of gaze direction or target. Also, there was no significant interaction between
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