112 Chapter 4 SUPPLEMENT S4.8 Neuroimaging findings: Whole-brain results in HC adolescents To test whether task-related BOLD-activation in brain regions outside the ROIs was found in HC adolescents in response to direct and averted gaze of all targets, we performed a complementary whole-brain analysis. This analysis revealed a significant main effect of gaze direction in left superior frontal gyrus (extending into dmPFC), right inferior frontal gyrus (extending into dlPFC), and left temporal pole, indicating enhanced BOLD-responses to direct versus averted gaze videos. In addition, there was a main effect of target in right fusiform gyrus (overlap with right fusiform gyrus ROI), right precentral gyrus, bilateral TPJ (overlap with left TPJ ROI), left middle occipital gyrus, right cuneus, right middle frontal gyrus/dlPFC (overlap with right IFG ROI), left middle temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus. Post-hoc pairwise (Bonferroni corrected) comparisons indicated decreased deactivation to videos of their parent versus an unfamiliar adult in right cuneus (p = .003), right TPJ (p <.001), left TPJ (p = .006), right superior temporal gyrus (p = .033), and left middle temporal gyrus (p = .018). In addition, we found enhanced activation to videos of an unfamiliar adult versus their parent in left middle occipital gyrus (p = .003), right fusiform gyrus (p <.001), right precentral gyrus (p = .030), and right middle frontal gyrus/dlPFC (p = .023). Regarding adolescents’ neural responses to videos of an unfamiliar peer versus an unfamiliar adult, we found decreased deactivation in right cuneus (p <.001), right TPJ (p <.001), and left superior temporal gyrus (p = .011) and enhanced activation to an unfamiliar adult versus unfamiliar peer in left middle occipital gyrus (p <.001), right fusiform gyrus (p <.001), right precentral gyrus (p <.001), and right middle frontal gyrus/dlPFC (p = .014). Adolescents did not show any significant differences in BOLD-responses between parents and unfamiliar peers. Regarding the self, adolescents showed diminished activation to videos of the self versus their parent in right cuneus (p = .026), right TPJ (p = .001), and right middle temporal gyrus (p = .020) and enhanced activation in right fusiform gyrus (p = .008). In addition, adolescents showed diminished activation to videos of the self versus an unfamiliar peer in right cuneus (p = .006) and right TPJ (p = .001) and showed enhanced activation in left middle occipital gyrus (p <.001) and right fusiform gyrus (p <.001). Adolescents did not significantly show altered BOLDresponses to videos of an unfamiliar adult versus the self. There was no significant interaction between gaze direction × target on adolescents’ neural responses to eye contact at whole brain level.
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