124 Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Demographic characteristics All parents Mothers Fathers Mothers vs. fathers1 Mean (SD) or n (%) (n = 60) (n = 35) (n = 25) t df p Age parent, y 49.07 (4.73) 47.48 (4.22) 51.31 (4.40) 3.35 58 .001 Gender parent, n male (%) 25 (41.7) - - Age adolescent, y 16.02 (1.23) 15.60 (0.93) 16.32 (1.53) -2.30 58 .025 Gender adolescent, n male (%) 22 (36.7) 11 (31.4) 11 (44) Education Vocational training, n (%) 19 (31.7) 12 (34.3) 7 (28) Higher education, n (%) 41 (68.3) 23 (65.7) 18 (72) Empathic concern (IRI) 17.52 (5.15) 18.91 (4.81) 15.56 (4.86) -2.61 58 .012 Perspective taking (IRI) 16.93 (4.36) 17.66 (4.54) 15.92 (3.79) -1.54 58 .130 Parental care (PBI)2 30.76 (5.34) 31.54 (4.86) 29.63 (5.70) -1.36 58 .178 Handedness Right-handed (EHI), n (%) 54 (90) 31 (88.6) 23 (92) Current psychopathology Internalizing, n (%) 5 (8.3) 4 (1.4) 1 (4.0) Externalizing, n (%) 1 (1.7) - 1 (4.0) Note. EHI, Edinburgh Handedness Inventory; IRI, Interpersonal Reactivity Index; PBI, Parental Bonding Instrument; SD, standard deviation. 1 p-values were obtained using independent samples t-tests comparisons between mothers and fathers. 2 Adolescents’ perceived parental cared ata of one father was missing resulting in n = 59 for this variable. Procedure Families were recruited via public places and (online) social media, including Facebook and advertisement in the monthly magazine of the Royal Dutch Touring Club (ANWB). All family members were briefed about the study and underwent a comprehensive telephone screening during which family circumstances and informed consent were discussed. Adolescents underwent a short screening for (a history of) psychiatric disorders. Families were invited for two appointments: An assessment day in the lab and an MRI session on a separate day. Prior to the first appointment participants were asked to fill out an online questionnaire battery that included questions about demographics and clinical and cognitive constructs, including trait empathy (assessed by the IRI) and parental care (as perceived by parents’ adolescent child and assessed with the care subscale of the PBI). During the first appointment, families performed parent-adolescent interaction tasks and filled out additional questionnaires, and parents were screened on psychopathology with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. During the second appointment one of the parents underwent an MRI scan at the LUMC in Leiden, and performed, amongst other tasks, the parental empathy task in the scanner (described below). Before and after the MRI scan parents filled out a set of questionnaires. Upon completion of the MRI scans, participants were fully debriefed about the aims of the study and received monetary
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjY0ODMw