5 127 Neural signatures of parental empathic responses to imagined suffering of their adolescent child to me in a warm and friendly voice” and “My mother/father can make me feel better when I am upset”. A total score was computed by the sum of all items (total range = 0-36; range in this sample = 13-36). The internal validity and reliability has been established (Arrindell et al., 1998; Enns et al., 2002), and the internal consistency of the PBI care subscale in the current sample was α = 0.89. Psychopathology Parental current Axis-I psychopathology based on DSM-IV was assessed with the full version of the semi-structured Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI; Dutch version 5.0.0), except for the optional module about antisocial personality disorders (Sheehan et al., 1998). The interview was taken by trained students who held the interview face-to-face during the first visit. Current psychopathology was coded as a binary variable (0 = no current psychopathology, 1 = current psychopathology), and was used to control for in the analyses. Handedness Handedness was assessed by a modified 10-item version of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) developed by Oldfield (1971). The self-report questionnaire consists of ten questions about which hand is used during specific actions and answer categories were always left (−100), most times left (-50), both (0), most times right (50), and always right (100). Sum scores were calculated by the following formula for the laterality quotient (LQ): [R-L]/[R+L] × 100 and ranged from -100 (left-handedness in all tasks) to +100 (right-handedness in all tasks). To convert the continuous laterality quotient into a dichotomous variable of left- and right-handedness that was sued to control for in analyses we used the cut-off score of zero with quotients >0 indicating right-handedness and <0 indicating left-handedness. Data acquisition MR images were acquired at the LUMC using a Philips 3.0T Achieva MRI scanner equipped with a SENSE-32 channel head coil. For the parental empathy task, T2*-weighted echo planar imaging (EPI) was used with the following parameters: TR = 2200 ms, TE = 30 ms, flip angle = 80°, FOV 220 x 220 x 114.7 mm, matrix size = 80 x 80, voxel size = 2.75 mm3, slice gap = 0.275 mm, 38 transverse slices in descending order. As the parental empathy task was self-paced, number of volumes varied between participants (run 1: M = 122.65, SD = 7.85, range = 108147; run 2: M = 114.75, SD = 5.40, range = 103-129). A structural 3D T1 scan was acquired with the following parameters: TR = 7.9 ms, TE = 3.5 ms, TI = 820 ms, flip angle: 8°, voxel size = 1 mm3, 155 transverse slices FOV 195.8 x 250 x 170.5 mm, matrix size = 228 x 177, duration: 4:11 min. The first five volumes were discarded to allow for equilibration of T1 saturation effects. A b0 field map was acquired with the following parameters: TR = 200 ms, TE = 3.2 and 4.2 ms, matrix size = 80 x 80, with 38 slices, voxel size = 2.75 mm3. The task was programmed and presented electronically using E-prime 2.0 (Tools Psychology Software, 2012) and participants
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