Proefschrift

38 Chapter 2 parents did not gaze more towards the unfamiliar adult versus the other targets in general and that the effect is specifically targeted to the eye region. Lastly, we examined whether parents who made more eye contact reported increased feelings of connectedness to direct (minus averted) gaze videos with the targets. We correlated the difference score in the percentage of dwell time within the eye region during direct minus averted gaze videos with the difference score in self-report ratings of connectedness after direct minus averted gaze videos for each target separately. However, parents who made more eye contact did not significantly report to feel more connected, for any of the targets (all p-values >.480). In addition to our preregistered analyses, we conducted several additional analyses to examine the robustness of our gaze findings and visualized the gaze data over time. Instead of time spent looking towards the eye region of targets relative to total viewing time, we calculated the ratio between time spent looking towards the eye region of targets relative to time spent looking toward the face (excluding gazes outside of the face). All findings remained significant when analyzing this alternative measure of time spent looking at the eye region (see Supplement S2.3), supporting the robustness of the findings. In addition, we visualized average dwell time looking at the eye region of targets as videos progressed (i.e., binned average dwell time for each second of the video) to ascertain that parents continued to make eye contact with targets throughout the video presentations or directed their attention elsewhere after a certain amount of time. This revealed that parents gazed towards the eye region for a relatively stable duration over time, indicating that they closely followed the instruction to keep gazing towards the eye region of the targets throughout the video (see Supplement S2.4). Lastly, we plotted the average dwell time duration per second over the course of the videos (16-38 s) per target to visualize whether the time parents spent looking at the eye region of targets differed depended on the target with whom they were making eye contact in the videos, but this did not result in observable differences between the targets (see Supplement S2.5).

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