3 59 Looking into troubled waters: Childhood emotional maltreatment modulates neural responses to prolonged gazing into one’s own, but not others’, eyes METHODS AND MATERIALS Participants Data were collected in the context of the “Relations and Emotions in Parent-Adolescent Interaction Research” (RE-PAIR) study, examining parent-adolescent interactions and adolescent depression in families with an adolescent with Major Depressive disorder (MDD)/dysthymia and families with an adolescent without psychopathology. Families were eligible for participation in case the adolescent was aged between 11-17 years, lived at home with at least one primary caregiver, at least one of the parents/caregivers was willing to participate in the study, and all had a good command of the Dutch language. The current paper focuses on data from all parents (of both adolescents with MDD/dysthymia and adolescents without psychopathology) who participated in the fMRI part of the study. Eightyfive parents took part in this study and six were excluded from data analyses for the following reasons: Brain abnormality (n = 1), ending the scan session due to symptoms of sleep apnea (n = 1), incomplete datasets due to technical issues (n = 3), and an a posteriori diagnosis in their adolescent child other than a primary diagnosis of MDD/dysthymia (n = 1). The final sample consisted of 79 adults (Mage = 49.87 years, SDage = 4.62). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample are presented in Table 3.1. Based on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.; (Sheehan et al., 1998)), eight participants fulfilled criteria for a current psychiatric disorder: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 1), dysthymia (n = 1), alcohol or drugs dependency (n = 2), panic disorder (n = 1), generalized anxiety disorder (n = 3). Two participants fulfilled criteria for multiple current mental disorders, including mania, generalized anxiety disorder, and alcohol- and drugs dependency (n = 1) and depression, mania, and social phobia (n = 1). The mean CEM score in the sample was 17.97 (SD = 6.53). n = 15 participants reported moderate to extreme, n = 30 low-moderate, and n = 34 none or minimal levels of emotional abuse and/or emotional neglect. The study was approved by the medical ethical committee of the Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) (P17.241) and was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki and the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). Details on the full study procedure can be found in Supplement S3.1. All hypotheses and analyses were preregistered (see https://osf.io/54nky). Part 1 of the preregistration focused on prolonged eye contact (i.e., direct versus averted gaze) towards others (i.e., own child, unfamiliar child and unfamiliar adult) and the self, and has been published elsewhere (Wever et al., 2022). The current study relates to Part 2, which focuses on prolonged eye contact and self-reported CEM in which we focus on the self and an unfamiliar other. Due to a multiplicity of findings and the contrast of self versus other being potentially affected by family and age factors (e.g., own child and unfamiliar child
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