3 61 Looking into troubled waters: Childhood emotional maltreatment modulates neural responses to prolonged gazing into one’s own, but not others’, eyes Table 3.1 Demographic and clinical characteristics (n = 79) Variables Mean (SD) or n (%) Range Age, years 49.87 (4.62) 40.5 – 60.9 Sex Females, n (%) 44 (55.7) - Males, n (%) 35 (44.3) - Race/Ethnicity Multiracial, n (%) 1 (1.3) - White, n (%) 77 (97.4) - Other (Kurdish), n (%) 1 (1.3) - CEM (composite score EA and EN, CTQ-SF) 17.97 (6.53) 10 – 39 Emotional abuse (EA, CTQ-SF) 7.34 (3.04) 5 – 17 None/minimal (5-8), n (%) 59 (74.7) - Low to moderate (9-12), n (%) 14 (17.7) - Moderate to extreme (≥13), n (%) 6 (7.6) - Emotional neglect (EN, CTQ-SF) 10.63 (4.20) 5 – 23 None/minimal (5-9), n (%) 36 (45.6) - Low to moderate (10-14), n (%) 30 (38.0) - Moderate to extreme (≥15), n (%) 13 (16.4) - Physical abuse 5.38 (1.24) 5 – 14 None/minimal (5-7), n (%) 77 (97.4) Low to moderate (8-9), n (%) 1 (1.3) Moderate to extreme (≥10), n (%) 1 (1.3) Physical neglect 6.39 (1.67) 5 – 11 None/minimal (5-7), n (%) 66 (83.5) Low to moderate (8-9), n (%) 9 (11.4) Moderate to extreme (≥10), n (%) 4 (5.1) Sexual abuse 4.35 (1.37) 4 – 12 None/minimal (5), n (%) 75 (94.8) Low to moderate (6-7), n (%) 1 (1.3) Moderate to extreme (≥8), n (%) 3 (3.9) Anxiety severity (SCARED-A) 9.63 (7.89) 0 – 43 Depression severity (PHQ-9) 3.06 (3.97) 0 – 26 Self-esteem (RSES) 22.99 (5.51) 3 – 30 Right-handedness (EHI), n (%) 71 (89.9%) - Notes. SD, Standard deviation; CEM, Childhood Emotional Maltreatment; CTQ-SF, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form (Arntz & Wessel, 1996); EA, Emotional abuse; EHI, Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971); EN, Emotional neglect; PHQ-9, Patient Healthy Questionaire-9; RSES, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg); SCARED-A, Adult version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (Van Steensel & Bögels, 2014).
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