3 65 Looking into troubled waters: Childhood emotional maltreatment modulates neural responses to prolonged gazing into one’s own, but not others’, eyes participants’ mood responses (p = .191). CEM was not significantly associated with participants’ self-reported mood, regardless of target and gaze direction (p = .068). Gaze responses To examine whether CEM is associated with the percentage of dwell time towards the eyes of the self and an unfamiliar other, we performed a generalized linear mixed regression model with CEM, gaze direction (direct versus averted), and target (self versus unfamiliar other), and their interactions as predictors for the percentage of dwell time within the eye region of the targets (Figure 3.3). There were no significant interactions between CEM and target (p = .168) or CEM and gaze direction (p = .906), nor a significant three-way interaction between CEM, target, and gaze direction (p = .220) on dwell time within the eye region of the targets. Also, CEM was not associated with participants’ dwell time within eye region, regardless of target or gaze direction (p = .359). Figure 3.2 Interaction between CEM and gaze direction (i.e., direct versus averted gaze) on participants’ self-reported mood after the videos of self and unfamiliar other. Participants with more CEM experiences reported a significantly lower mood after direct, but not averted gaze, compared to participants fewer of such experiences (interaction CEM × gaze direction: B = 0.67, SE = 0.31, t(547) = 2.20, p = .028, d = 0.19). There was no significant interaction between CEM and target (i.e., self versus other) (p = .970), nor between CEM, gaze direction, and target on participants’ self-reported mood responses (p = .191).
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