Proefschrift

3 73 Looking into troubled waters: Childhood emotional maltreatment modulates neural responses to prolonged gazing into one’s own, but not others’, eyes SUPPLEMENT S3.2 Results regarding the association between CEM and participants’ mood, gaze, and neural responses to all targets (i.e., own child, unfamiliar child, unfamiliar adult, self) Data presented in the present study were collected in the context of a larger study and a more extensive eye contact task including two additional condition, e.g., participants’ own child and an unfamiliar child. General task effects on prolonged eye contact (i.e., direct versus averted gaze) towards others (i.e., own child, unfamiliar child and unfamiliar adult) and the self are described and published elsewhere (Wever et al., 2022). The present study focuses on associations between participants’ self-reported levels of experienced CEM and affective, gaze, and neural responses to eye contact of self and an unfamiliar other. For the sake of transparency and completeness, we also ran a 2 × 4 ANOVA model including all ‘other’ conditions of the original task (i.e., own child, unfamiliar child, unfamiliar adult) and the self on participants’ selfreported mood and gaze responses. In addition, we ran two separate whole-brain regression analyses to assess the association between participants’ experienced CEM scores and their neural responses to a prolonged direct gaze from their own child and an unfamiliar child. The results of these analyses are described below. Please note that we only had a priori hypotheses about the self and unfamiliar other contrast. Overall, CEM was significantly associated with participants’ mood responses in general, showing that participants who experienced more CEM reported a significantly lower mood compared to participants with less experienced CEM (B = -1.36, SE = 0.63, t(77) = -2.16, p = .034, d = 0.49). There was no significant interaction between CEM and gaze direction (p = .065) or CEM and target (p = .883) on participants mood, indicating that this association was not moderated by the gaze direction or the identity of the targets in the videos. Also, the three-way interaction between CEM, target, and gaze direction on participants’ mood responses was not significant (p = .358). CEM was not significantly associated with the percentage of gaze within the eye region of the targets (p = .428). Also, there was no significant interaction between CEM and gaze direction (p = .937) or CEM and target (p = .395), or the three-way interaction between CEM, target, and gaze direction (p = .522) on the extent to which participants gazed towards the eye region of targets, indicating that this association was not moderated by gaze direction or the targets in the videos. To test for associations between CEM and neural responses to direct gaze (Δdirect – averted gaze) from participants’ own child and an unfamiliar child (same sex as own child), we performed two separate whole-brain regression analyses with participants’ experienced CEM scores as predictor variable and their neural responses to direct gaze from either their own

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