129 6 CONCLUSION 6.2 EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION PHASE In the empirical investigation phase, we answered research question four: Q4 To what extent can an empirical study be used to elicit values and how does this discussion lead to changes in perception of values of accountability and responsibility in a scenario of Autonomous Weapon System deployment? We used the Value Deliberation Process developed by (Pigmans, 2020) as an empirical study to identify values of experts. The experts could select values on a predefined list in the survey that was part of the Value Deliberation Process. The values that were highlighted as relevant were: safety, meaningful human control, proportionality, accountability, responsibility, predictability, reliability and explainability. As part of the evaluation the participants were asked which values they missed on the predefined value list. Distinction, necessity, precaution, human autonomy, accuracy, human competences, relational and sociability between human and robot, mental and emotional health of the troops, usability and security were mentioned. The value discussion and evaluation disclosed that not all applications of Autonomous Weapon Systems in a mission context provide trust to military experts in the decisionmaking of the Autonomous Weapon System. Human decision-making is in some cases more trusted and preferred. The value elicitation conducted using the Value Deliberation Process not only gives insight into which values are deemed important and highlights that trust in the decision-making of an Autonomous Weapon System is crucial, it also shows that value discussion leads to changes in perception of the acceptability of alternatives in a scenario of Autonomous Weapon System deployment. The context in which an Autonomous Weapon System is deployed impacts the meaning and weight people attribute to the values associated with the Autonomous Weapon System. The findings of this research imply that deliberate value discussion influences people perceptions of their values related to Autonomous Weapon Systems. More general, active participation in a value discussion leads to a conscious, and sometimes unconscious, change in people’s preferences of alternatives. Therefore, we can conclude that a value discussion can identify values and leads to changes in perception of values related to Autonomous Weapon Systems.
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