175 Table 3: Overview definitions of Autonomous Weapon Systems (section 2.4) Author(s) Definition AIV and CAVV (2015, p. 11), Broeks et al. (2021, p. 11) ‘A weapon that, without human intervention, selects and engages targets matching certain predefined criteria, following a human decision to deploy the weapon on the understanding that an attack, once launched, cannot be stopped by human intervention.’ Altmann, Asaro, Sharkey, and Sparrow (2013, p. 73) Autonomous Weapons are: ‘…robot weapons that once launched will select and engage targets without further human intervention.’ Galliott (2015, p. 5) Military robots are: ‘a group of powered electro-mechanical systems, all of which have in common that they: 1. Do not have an onboard human operator; 2. Are designed to be recoverable (even though they may not be used in a way that renders them such); and, 3. In a military context, are able to exert their power in order to deliver a lethal or nonlethal payload or otherwise perform a function in support of a military force’s objectives.’ Horowitz (2016, p. 27) ‘a weapon system that, once activated, is intended to only engage individual targets or specific target groups that have been selected by a human operator.’ Kuptel and Williams (2014, p. 10) ‘Machines are only “autonomous” with respect to certain functions such as navigation, sensor optimization, or fuel management.’ Royakkers and Orbons (2015, p. 625) Military Robots are ‘… reusable unmanned systems for military purposes with any level of autonomy.’ Taddeo and Blanchard (2022, p. 15) ‘an artificial agent which, at the very minimum, is able to change its own internal states to achieve a given goal, or set of goals, within its dynamic operating environment and without the direct intervention of another agent and may also be endowed with some abilities for changing its own transition rules without the intervention of another agent, and which is deployed with the purpose of exerting kinetic force against a physical entity (whether an object or a human being) and to this end is able to identify, select or attack the target without the intervention of another agent is an AWS. Once deployed, AWS can be operated with or without some forms of human control (in, on or out the loop). A lethal AWS is specific subset of an AWS with the goal of exerting kinetic force against human beings.’ UNDIR (2014, p. 5) The level of Autonomy depends on the ‘critical functions of concern and the interactions of different variables’ APPENDIX C
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjY0ODMw