177 Table 4: Continued. Author(s) Key contribution Definition of value Values Friedman, Kahn Jr, Borning, and Huldtgren (2013) An overview of the VSD approach and pointers for a practical application. Providing information so that other researchers can use and extend the VSD and practitioners will consider values in designing information and computer systems. A value is defined in a broad sense in that it: ‘refers to what a person or group of people consider important in life.’ (p. 57) The VSD method especially regards moral values which are: ‘… issues that pertain to fairness, justice, human welfare and virtue, encompassing within moral philosophical theory deontology, consequentialism, and virtue’ (p. 72) 1. Human welfare Refers to people’s physical, material, and psychological well-being. 2. Ownership and property Refers to a right to possess an object (or information), use it, manage it, derive income from it, and bequeath it. 3. Privacy Refers to a claim, an entitlement, or a right of an individual to determine what information about himself or herself can be communicated to others. 4. Freedom from bias Refers to systematic unfairness perpetrated on individuals or groups, including pre-existing social bias, technical bias, and emergent social bias. 5. Universal usability Refers to making all people successful users of information technology. 6. Trust Refers to expectations that exist between people who can experience good will, extend good will toward others, feel vulnerable, and experience betrayal. 7. Autonomy Refers to people’s ability to decide, plan, and act in ways that they believe will help them to achieve their goals. 8. Informed consent Refers to garnering people’s agreement, encompassing criteria of disclosure and comprehension (for “informed”) and voluntariness, competence, and agreement (for “consent”). 9. Accountability Refers to the properties that ensures that the actions of a person, people, or institution may be traced uniquely to the person, people, or institution. 10. Courtesy Refers to treating people with politeness and consideration. 11. Identity Refers to people’s understanding of who they are over time, embracing both continuity and discontinuity over time. 12. Calmness Refers to a peaceful and composed psychological state. 13. Environmental Sustainability Refers to sustaining ecosystems such that they meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations. APPENDIX C
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