178 Table 4: Continued. Author(s) Key contribution Definition of value Values Graham et al. (2012) A description (including critiques and empirical result) of the Moral Foundation Theory (MFT). The MFT can be used to get insight into the moral judgements of people. The MFT is described as a pluralist, nativist, cultural-developmentalist and intuitionist approach of morality. To represent the five concepts of the MFT the term ‘foundation’ is chosen, but this is interchangeably used with the terms value or virtue. No exact definition of foundation is given, but it is used as an architectural metaphor to state that the: ‘MFT is a theory about the universal first draft of the moral mind, and about how that draft gets revised in variable ways across cultures.’ (p. 10) The five foundations of the MFT are: 1. Care/harm foundation: is related to the ability to feel pain of others and underlies virtues of kindness, gentleness, and nurturance; 2. Fairness/cheating foundation: is related to process of reciprocal altruism and generates ideas of justice, rights, and autonomy; 3. Loyalty/betrayal foundation: is related to form shifting coalitions and underlies virtues of patriotism and self-sacrifice for the group; 4. Authority/subversion foundation: is related to hierarchical social interactions and underlies virtues of leadership and followership, including deference to legitimate authority and respect for traditions; 5. Sanctity/degradation foundation: is related to the psychology of disgust and contamination and underlies religious notions of striving to live in an elevated, less carnal, more noble way. Cheng and Fleischmann (2010) Meta-analysis of 12 value inventories of human values. This study proposes a meta-inventory of human values. Provides summation of definitions of values: “values serve as guiding principles of what people consider important in life.”. (p. 2) (1) freedom, (2) helpfulness, (3) accomplishment, (4) honesty, (5) self-respect, (6) intelligence, (7) broad-mindedness, (8) creativity, (9) equality, (10) responsibility, (11) social order, (12) wealth, (13) competence, (14) justice, (15) security, and (16) spirituality. Gouveia, Milfont, and Guerra (2014) Empirical study basic values. Paper proposes a three-by-two framework containing six subcategories of basic values. Two primary functions of values are identified: (1) they guide actions and (2) they are cognitive expressions of needs. Personal goals – Thriving needs values: Emotion, Pleasure, Sexuality Personal goals – Survival needs values: Power, Prestige, Success Central goals – Thriving needs values: Beauty, Knowledge, Maturity Central goals – Survival needs values: Health, Stability, Survival Social goals – Thriving needs values: Affectivity, Belonging, Support Social goals – Survival needs values: Obedience, Religiosity, Tradition APPENDIX C
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