179 Table 4: Continued. Author(s) Key contribution Definition of value Values Beauchamp and Walters (1999) The article is a first chapter of a book on bioethics. This chapter describes three moral principles that provide a framework which can be used to reason about issues in bioethics. The authors use terms principles and values as synonyms. They define a principle as: ‘A principle is a fundamental standard of conduct from which many other moral standards and judgments draw support for their defence and standing.’ (p. 17) 1. Autonomy: acting intentionally without controlling influences that would mitigate against a voluntary act. 2. Beneficence: providing benefits for society as a whole. 3. Justice: being fair and reasonable. 4. Non-maleficence: not intentionally imposing risk or harm upon another. APPENDIX C
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