180 Table 5: Overview of definitions of values related to Autonomous Weapon Systems (in section 2.6) Author(s) Key contribution Definition of value Values Cummings (2006b) Application of VSD approach to the design problem of the Tactical Tomahawk missile. Study shows the consideration of the ethical issues in the design process for both instructors and practitioners. N/ a From the list of Friedman et al. (2006), the values that apply to the design of weapon systems are accountability, informed consent, but most of all human welfare. The principles of discrimination and proportionality are important for considering human welfare. Docherty (2012) Report of Human Rights Watch in which aspects of international humanitarian law and ethical issues for Autonomous Weapon Systems are described. No definition of the term ‘values’, but the text mentions values and ethical issues. Values/ ethical issues: - Lack of human emotions; - Accountability; - Responsibility. Johnson and Axinn (2013) Paper on ethical issues related to the usage of lethal autonomous robotic weapons. Addresses the question if the decision to kill a human should be handed over to machines. No definition of the term ‘values’, but the text mentions values and ethical issues. Values/ ethical issues: - Responsibility; - Reduce human harm; - Human dignity; - Honour; - Human sacrifice. Sharkey and Suchman (2013) Paper on defining and designing autonomy and accountability in Robotic Systems for military operations. No definition of the term ‘values’, but the text mentions values. Values: - Accountability; - Responsibility. Docherty (2015) Report of Human Rights Watch in which the accountability gap and ethical issues for Autonomous Weapon Systems are described. No definition of the term ‘values’, but the text mentions values and ethical issues. Values/ ethical issues: - Lack of human dignity; - Accountability; - Responsibility - Harm. UNDIR (2015) Paper highlights some ethical and social issues regarding the weaponization of autonomous technologies. Encouraging ethical reflection on cultural and social values of weaponization of autonomous technologies. No definition of the term ‘values’. The text contains no explicit mention of values, but some ethical issues are given. Ethical issues that are mentioned are: - Reduce or eliminate harm; - Consideration of public conscience; - Affront of human dignity (when human intent is lacking when taking a life). Walsh and Schulzke (2015) Survey experiment to get insight if US civilians are more likely to initiate a war when UAV’s are used. Large empirical study that looks at the ethics of drone strikes. No definition of the term ‘values’. The text contains no explicit mention of values, but some ethical issues are given. Ethical issues: - Security; - Respect for civilian immunity; - Prevent harm A. P. Williams et al. (2015) Discusses several ethical issues relevant to the development of autonomous systems and provides recommendations for Defense Policy makers. No definition of the term ‘values’, but the text mentions several values which are interchangingly used with ethical issues. Values/ ethical issues: - Security; - Harm; - Value of human life (people have the right to be killed by another human). APPENDIX C
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