181 Table 5: Continued. Author(s) Key contribution Definition of value Values Horowitz (2016) Description of the debate on ethical implications of autonomous weapons. Considers Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) in three categories; munition, platforms, and operational systems. Thereby clarifying the debate and describes two ethical issues. No definition of the term ‘values’. The text contains no explicit mention of values, but some ethical issues are given. Values: - Accountability (autonomous systems lack meaningful human control therefore they create a moral accountability gap) - Human dignity (people have the right to be killed by someone who made the choice to kill them). Table 6: Overview of definitions of command and control (section 2.8) Author(s) Definitions Albert & Hayes (2006) ‘Command and Control is not an end in itself, but it is a means toward creating value (e.g., the accomplishment of a mission). Specifically, Command and Control is about focusing the efforts of a number of entities (individuals and organizations) and resources, including information, toward the achievement of some task, objective, or goal.’ ‘The function of control is to determine whether current and/or planned efforts are on track. If adjustments are required, the function of control is to make these adjustments if they are within the guidelines established by command. The essence of control is to keep the values of specific elements of the operating environment within the bounds established by command, primarily in the form of intent.’ Joint Publication 1-02 - DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (2019) ‘The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission.’ Liao (2008, p. 646) […] ‘military control means ensuring that the orders are executed in a prescribed manner in order to achieve a goal.’ NATO STANDARD AJP-01 ALLIED JOINT DOCTRINE (2017) ‘The authority exercised by a commander over part of the activities of subordinate organizations, or other organizations not normally under their command, and encompasses the responsibility for implementing orders or directives. Control allows the commander to verify what actions have taken place and their effectiveness relative to the intent and the objectives set for the force to achieve.’ Pigeau & McCann (2002, p. 56) […] ‘those structures and processes devised by command to enable it and to manage risk.’ These structures are in place to achieve the mission in an efficient and safe manner and consist of procedures and structures for planning, directing and coordination of resources to achieve the mission. This includes standard operating procedures (SOPs), rules of engagement (ROEs), regulations, military law, organizational structures, policies, equipment. These structures bound the mission space and increase order by defining for example the order of battle, area of operation, and duration of military operations. APPENDIX C
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