21 1 INTRODUCTION we will describe the research objectives, knowledge gaps and research questions that guide the development of a governance mechanism for human oversight. 1.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To ensure accountability and responsibility, a mechanism is needed to oversee and supervise the deployment of Autonomous Weapon Systems. We propose an alternative view complementary to Meaningful Human Control that incorporates the social institutional and design dimension at a governance level. This alternative view provides stakeholders additional opportunities to ensure accountability and responsibility in the deployment of Autonomous Weapon Systems. While in recent years several scholars have been working on defining the concept of Meaningful Human Control, we have found that the concept of Human Oversight is not equally studied the in literature nor a framework or implementation concept for it is offered. Also, empirical studies on the elicitation of values related to Autonomous Weapons Systems, such as accountability and responsibility, and the extent of how accountability and responsibility as values are perceived during the deployment of Autonomous Weapon Systems by common people and experts are missing. Next to this, the values of accountability and responsibility are often used interchangeably in the debate on Autonomous Weapon Systems whilst being different subjects. As stated above, responsibility contributes to minimizing unintended consequences by anticipating on actions and unintended consequences to come and taking measures to prevent or mitigate them. Accountability on the other hand can decrease unintended consequences in providing information and explanations by actors of their previous actions in order for other actors to learn from them and prevent mistakes and unintended consequences of their own. This leads to the following problem statement for this research: A framework for Human Oversight is needed to ensure accountability in order to minimize unintended consequences of Autonomous Weapon Systems, but the current mechanisms for human oversight are lacking effectiveness. The concept of Meaningful Human Control will not suffice as requirement to ensure accountability in order to minimize the unintended consequences of this type of weapon system, because standard concepts of control in engineering and the military domain entail a capacity to directly cause or prevent an outcome that is not possible to achieve with an Autonomous Weapon System as once it is launched you cannot intervene by human action. Designing and implementing a framework for Human Oversight for Autonomous Weapon Systems enables proper allocation of accountability and responsibility in the deployment of Autonomous Weapon Systems.
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