Proefschrift

67 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Framework and its alignment with the Design for Values approach. This feedback allowed us to improve the Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework iteratively. However, for academic rigor the Framework should be validated and evaluated in a study to verify if it holds and to evaluate it. Future work should focus on validating the Comphrensive Human Oversight Framework with a structured scientific method to review and improve it if necessary. The next section presents the Dutch military control instruments that are currently used in the layers and the weapon deployment phases of the Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework. In applying the Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework to the military domain, we identified a process used in military operations that fills the void in the governance layer during deployment. We will describe this process more in detail in the next section. Subsequently, we describe the connections and feedback loop between the layers. We conclude by recommending to close the feedback loop in the governance layer to incorporate the findings of the review process in the mandate for a next mission. 3.2 APPLICATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE HUMAN OVERSIGHT FRAMEWORK TO EXISTING MILITARY CONTROL INSTRUMENTS From a military perspective, control is described as a process to check if current and planned orders are on track and if the objectives to achieve a goal are met (Alberts & Hayes, 2006; Liao, 2008; NATO, 2017). Control aims to make adjustments to the plan if the current state deviates from the planned end-state of the mission. Control measures bound the mission space by limiting the area of operation, duration of military operations and by defining the order of battle. Control consists of procedures for planning, directing and coordination of resources for a mission and this includes standard operating procedures (SOPs), rules of engagement (ROEs), regulations, military law, organizational structures and policies (Pigeau & McCann, 2002). Control in a military perspective is an instrument to bound and check if the actions are in line with the planned military goal and to adjust the planning when the current state deviates from the end state. This resembles the notion of control in an engineering perspective because there is a goal, input and feedback loop to adjust the system. In the military domain a variety of instruments are used as control mechanisms before, during and after deployment of weapons in military operations. After our analysis of the control mechanisms in the governance, socio-technical and technical perspectives on control in section 2.9, we turned to the military domain to identify the military control instruments that are currently used in the three layers. We identified that in

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