68 3 CHAPTER 3 the military domain there is a control mechanism in each layer before, during and after deployment of a weapon system. We found that the targeting process is used in military operations to plan and direct activities during deployment of a weapon. The targeting process is defined as a process that ‘links strategic-level direction and guidance with tactical targeting activities through the operational-level targeting cycle in a focused and systemic manner to create specific physical and psychological effects to reach military objectives and the desired end state.’ (Ekelhof, 2018, p. 66). Based on our analysis we plotted the military control mechanisms in the Netherlands on the Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework (Figure 8). These mechanisms are described below. Mission Mandate Targeting process Rules of Engagement Forward Air Control Post mission review After Action Report Weapon control status setting Guided missiles (or Fire-andForget) Battle Damage Assesment Goal of system Behavior of system Oversight of system Governance layer Socio-technical layer Technical layer Time Environment External Internal Socio-technical perspective on control Engineering perspective on control Governance perspective on control 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Figure 8: Military control instruments plotted on the Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework In the text below we describe the existing military control instruments that we have plotted on to our Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework. The military control instruments in the Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework per block as defined for The Netherlands armed forces are: 1. Ex ante supervision Before a mission a Mission Mandate is issued by the UN or NATO. This instrument is the result of political consideration and describes the tasks of a specific mission before troops are deployed. It does not contain specificities on weapon deployment.
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