75 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK system’s behaviour makes it particularly apt for monitoring autonomous and generally opaque systems. Figure 10: Glass Box framework (as in: (Aler Tubella et al., 2019)) The Glass Box approach consists of two phases which inform each other: interpretation and observation. The interpretation stage consists of a progressive process of concretising abstract values into specific design requirements. Following a Design for Values perspective (Van de Poel, 2013), the translation from values to requirements is done by considering the different stakeholder interpretations and contexts. The output from the interpretation stage is an abstract-to-concrete hierarchy of norms where the highest level is made up of values and the lowest level is composed of fine-grained concrete requirements for the intelligent system only related to its inputs and outputs. The intermediate levels are composed of progressively more abstract norms, where fulfilling a concrete norm “counts as” fulfilling the more abstract one in a certain context. This hierarchy of norms transparently displays how values are operationalised, together with which contexts have been considered. The second phase of the approach is given by the observation stage. This stage is informed by the requirements on inputs and outputs identified in the interpretation stage, as they determine what must be verified and checked. In the observation stage, the system is evaluated by studying its compliance with the requirements identified in the previous stage: for each requirement, we assign one or several tests to verify whether it is being fulfilled. The difficulty of these tests can range from an extremely simple yes/ no check on whether an action has been performed, to sophisticated statistical analysis depending on the type of norms identified.
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