77 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK judgements, that are required for the translation, explicit, transparent and debatable. As high-level concepts, values are abstract, whereas norms are prescriptive and impose or forbid courses of action. Such a translation is done by constructing norms progressively, subsuming each norm into several more concrete ones, until the level of norms containing concrete testable requirements is reached. This concretisation of norms will be carried out by all stakeholders involved in the deployment, ideally with legal advisory as well as with participation from operators themselves (whose processes will be subject to the norms identified). Through a Design for Values perspective (Cummings, 2006; Davis & Nathan, 2015; Friedman, Kahn Jr, Borning, & Huldtgren, 2013; Van de Poel, 2013; van den Hoven, Vermaas, & van de Poel, 2015), concretising values requires carefully adapting to the specific context, as values may take different meanings in different contexts. In the case of drone and Autonomous Weapon System deployment, the context is made up of two main factors: the context of deployment itself, and the organisation doing the deployment. Thus, some norms may generally apply to any deployment (such as organisational rules), whereas others may be highly specific (such as regulations governing specific areas or purposes). For this reason, the interpretation stage does not produce a one-size-fits-all normative framework, but rather it needs to be updated in any change of context. The specific tying of norms to a context enforces human oversight in this stage: new human-designed norms are needed for any new context of deployment, thus necessarily implicating the deploying organisation in the process of considering each situation’s specificity and risk. Even though values and their interpretations vary by culture, purpose, organisation, and context, some values are fundamentally tied to the context of drone deployment. As with any technology deployed into society, a fundamental value is that of lawfulness. A requirement for any drone or Autonomous Weapon System deployment is, for example, to respect flight rules (e.g., maximum height of flight and avoidance of airport surroundings). Thus, the identification of requirements for the trajectory taken by the drone or Autonomous Weapon System is a fundamental aspect of this stage. Given the different capabilities that drones or Autonomous Weapon Systems may be equipped with, aspects of the law related to flying over public spaces, commercial liability, or privacy (Rao, Gopi, & Maione, 2016), as well as surveillance (Rosén, 2014) or warfare, must be considered. The purpose of deployment itself (e.g., humanitarian aid, commercial delivery, or bird observation) will determine the relevant values that guide the process, such as privacy (Luppicini & So, 2016), safety (Clarke & Moses, 2014), humanity (van Wynsberghe & Comes, 2020), or ecological sustainability (Vas, Lescroël, Duriez, Boguszewski, & Grémillet, 2015).
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