81 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Values Monitor Norms Forum Actor Requirements Verification Conduct Goal of a system Behaviour of a system Oversight of a system Governance layer Socio-technical layer Technical layer Time Environment External Internal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Interpretation stage Observation stage Review stage Glass-Box Framework Accountability process 3 1 2 Figure 12: Feedback loop Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework Application Five-Point Systems Framework on Comprehensive Human Oversight Framework Accountability provides external feedback on intended and unintended effects of policies. It can stimulate learning, reflecting and improving performance using a feedback mechanism (Bovens, 2014). According to Jacobs (2010) a feedback system can create an institutional link between participatory processes and management systems. Feedback systems can raise significant ethical issues that mirror concerns in participatory practice. The most significant barrier to implement feedback systems appears to be the incentives that shape management and organizational behaviour (Jacobs, 2010). A feedback loop is described as “a systematic approach to collecting the views of [beneficiaries] and other key stakeholders about the quality and impact of work undertaken by a development agency.” (Gigler et al., 2014, pp. 212-213).
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