95 4 VALUE DELIBERATION Figure 13: Phases of Value Deliberation Process (adapted from: Pigmans, 2020) Preparation is phase 1 in which the initiator briefs the topic and if applicable, the predefined solutions to the problem. Next, an independent facilitator takes over and starts with two preparatory steps in conjunction with the participants: step 1- formulate alternatives and step 2 – formulate arguments. Phase 2 consists of measuring by ranking the alternatives from most preferable to least preferable (step 3). A Borda count is used to calculate the individual rankings. In phase 3, a common language is created by the elicitation of values (step 4). These values are discussed in phase 4 to create a mutual understanding (step 5). After a second ranking in step 6- based on the same principles in step 3 – the rankings are discussed and compared in order to stimulate rapprochement in phase 5. The Value Deliberation process is concluded in phase 6 by an evaluation in which the participants reflect on the process and how it influenced them. The five characteristics essential for legitimate deliberation of Fishkin (2009) apply to the Value Deliberation process: 1) during the preparation phase information and relevant data are distributed to all participants, 2) the steps to formulate the alternatives, arguments and conducting the value deliberation allow for comparing different positions and therefore provide substantive balance, 3) when inviting participants the initiator should ensure that the participants reflect all important perspectives so that diversity is reached, 4) an independent facilitator stresses the importance of conscientiously weighing all arguments, and 5) the facilitator should allow all participants to contribute to the discussion equally and underline that views are weighted on evidence and not on who proposes them. The Value Deliberation process meets Fishkin’s five characteristics for legitimate deliberation and therefore we applied it for the value elicitation of the interpretation stage of the Glass Box Framework. 4.3 METHOD Value elicitation in the context of Autonomous Weapon System deployment is qualitative research in which the participants interact and deliberate. The aim of the survey is to study
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