145 C Policy implications The findings of this research hold significant policy implications for promoting diversity within political landscapes, particularly with regard to the inclusion of Muslim politicians. In the Netherlands, the possibility of increased Muslim votes through the inclusion of Muslim politicians remains a plausible outcome. However, this assertion does not find comparable support in the political contexts of France and Germany, indicating a need for tailored approaches. Inclusion of Muslim politicians could potentially foster a stronger sense of representation, bolstering political trust, and elevating satisfaction with democratic processes among Muslim citizens in European nations. However, this prospect hinges on a crucial condition—Muslim politicians should not feel compelled to denounce or criticize Islam to appease the larger electorate, which I call broadstancing (van Oosten, 2024). By creating an environment where Muslim politicians can express their viewpoints authentically, policy makers can create an inclusive space that resonates with Muslim constituents, enhancing their sense of belonging and engagement in the political system. One key policy implication to emerge from this research is the imperative for political strategists and leaders to respond thoughtfully to anti-Muslim sentiment aimed at their fellow Muslim politicians. Rather than distancing themselves from these targeted politicians, a more effective approach would involve standing in solidarity and offering protection. Such a stance sends a strong message of support and can help counteract divisive narratives that fuel intergroup conflicts. This approach aligns with the overarching goal of fostering an inclusive political environment where diverse voices are not just present, but also respected and protected. By recognizing the potential for enhanced political engagement among Muslim citizens and taking proactive steps to ensure the genuine expression of diverse viewpoints, political strategists, party selectors and leaders can contribute to a more inclusive and just democratic landscape. Even though not all minority groups feel better represented by in-group politicians, minority representation remains important for a myriad of reasons. The inclusion of diverse perspectives in politics not only amplifies voices and interests that would otherwise be overlooked, but also provides a platform for those who cannot opt out from being part of stigmatized groups. This is particularly important for marginalized communities who have been subject to a history of government-sponsored discrimination and continue to face systemic biases. Furthermore, political diversity can bolster the legitimacy of legislative bodies and demonstrate that minority groups are capable of governing, to themselves as role models and to others as well. Majority groups inside and outside of the legislature can learn from the experiences of minority groups that they may not share, thereby increasing the visibility of knowledge that
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