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14 Amin for their invaluable help in checking translations and names across French, German, Turkish, Arabic, and Russian. The first article I worked on in my PhD was my meta-analysis, and I am deeply thankful to all colleagues who provided invaluable feedback, particularly: Amanda Friesen, Amma Panin, Anne Louise Schotel, Armen Hakhverdian, Ebe Ouattara, Eline Severs, Joost van Spanje, Martin Rosema, Michael Jankowski, Orly Siow, Robin Devroe, Sabrina Mayer, Sönke Ehret, Tom Louwerse, and Wouter van der Brug. Each of these individuals played a crucial role in shaping this article in unique ways. I also wish to express particular appreciation to all individuals with whom I had email correspondence and who generously shared their databases and replication materials. Your contributions were invaluable to the completion of this research. There were also some people who really shaped my commitment to Open Science and supported me along the way. Amanda Friesen, Bert Bakker, Gijs Schumacher, Isabella Rebasso, Maaike Homan, and Matthijs Rooduijn were instrumental in fostering my dedication to Open Science principles. My PhD journey wasn’t all smooth sailing. Along the way, I faced challenges, and during those times of difficulty, several people played pivotal roles in helping me navigate through them. Anne Kervers, Anne Loeber, Anne Louise Schotel, Armen Hakhverdian, Brian Burgoon, Daphne van der Pas, Ebe Ouattara, Ellis Aizenberg, Enzo Rossi, Floris Vermeulen, Gijs Schumacher, Haylee Kelsal, Isabella Rebasso, Judith de Jong, Natalie Welfens, Nicky Pouw, Samera Ouchene, Sarah de Lange, Sander Kunst, Uğur Aytac, Valerie Schreur, Wouter van der Brug, Zahra Runderkamp—each of them provided invaluable support and guidance. I found some dear friends who made this experience truly enjoyable: Anne Kervers, Anne Louise Schotel, Ebe Ouattara, Haylee Kelsal, Isabella Rebasso, Judith de Jong, Kirsten Vegt, Larissa Böckmann, Maaike Homan, Natalie Welfens, Uğur Aytaç, Valerie Schreur, Wouter Schakel, and Zahra Runderkamp. Your companionship made this PhD fun and memorable. I especially thank Wouter, Anne Louise and Natalie for their exceptional feedback throughout. Ebe, for helping me to learn to code. Isabella, for shelter and friendship with the entire family. Zahra, thank you for the enjoyable outings and insider AISSR insights. Judith, our discussions on theoretical implications were incredibly fruitful. Wouter and Maaike, your inspiring ideas have sparked thoughts for future work. The suggestions and discussions we shared will stay with me for years to come. Since moving to Oxford, I’ve been fortunate to have the support of several remarkable people. Mariña Fernández-Reino stands out as the most supportive PI I’ve had the privilege to work with. Rob McNeil has promoted me like no other and provided invaluable media advice and insight. Madeleine Sumption consistently challenged my ideas, pushing me to become a more rigorous researcher. Matthew Porges encouraged me to expand my horizons and develop my ideas further. Will

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