34 Netherlands, I oversampled Dutch citizens with a Turkish, Moroccan, and Surinamese background. In all three countries, I selected the most minoritized minorities according to their experiences with discrimination7. Some, but not all, of the oversampled migration backgrounds are countries with Muslim-majority populations (Dangubić et al., 2020; Phalet et al., 2010; Verkuyten and Yildiz, 2009), and a sizeable number of the respondents from those countries do not identify as Muslim, making it possible to disentangle whether effects are either religiously or ethnically driven. 7 With the exception of German citizens with a background in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) who were selected to be in line with the Immigrant German Election Study (Goerres et al., 2020) and French citizens with a Turkish background who were selected to have a single common national background throughout the countries.
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