52 1 Figure 2. How do voters assess Black political candidates? n = 300 | b = −0.011 n = 9027 | b = −0.002 n = 672 | b = 0.082 n = 2262 | b = 0.013 n = 1950 | b = 0.03 n = 1950 | b = 0.009 n = 954 | b = 0.055 n = 2087 | b = −0.004 n = 2087 | b = −0.004 n = 4517 | b = 0.014 n = 767 | b = 0.015 n = 347 | b = 0.051 n = 1950 | b = −0.012 n = 700 | b = 0.038 n = 617 | b = 0.035 n = 617 | b = −0.004 n = 3322 | b = 0.046 n = 3322 | b = 0.031 n = 3058 | b = 0.019 n = 3058 | b = −0.002 n = 2890 | b = −0.001 n = 2890 | b = −0.015 n = 72 | b = −0.1 n = 81 | b = 0.051 n = 989 | b = −0.003 n = 989 | b = 0.007 n = 6393 | b = 0.024 n = 1133 | b = 0.002 n = 1133 | b = 0 n = 1814 | b = 0.052 n = 1814 | b = 0.004 n = 4353 | b = −0.05 n = 7904 | b = −0.011 n = 555 | b = −0.029 n = 1108 | b = −0.023 n = 412 | b = 0.02 n = 7669 | b = −0.001 n = 1974 | b = −0.028 n = 1974 | b = −0.002 n = 89711 | b = 0.007 Overall | Summary Random Effects Estimate | Choice and Rating Armendariz et al. 2021 | US | Choice Carnes et al. 2015 | US | Choice Manento et al. 2021 | US | Choice Costa 2021 (study 3) | US | Rating Krupnikov et al. 2016 (MTurk sample) | US | Choice Kaslovsky et al. 2021 | US | Choice Gershon et al. 2019 | US | Choice Hainmueller et al. 2014 | US | Choice Kaslovsky et al. 2021 | US | Rating Badas et al. 2021 | US | Choice Lemi et al. 2020 | US | Choice Sen 2017 | US | Rating Kirkland et al. 2018 (MTurk sample) | US | Choice Costa 2021 (study 2) | US | Rating Costa 2021 (study 1) | US | Choice Atkeson et al. 2020 | US | Choice Badas et al. 2021 | US | Rating Leeper et al. 2020 | US | Rating Manento et al. 2021 | US | Rating Lerman et al. 2016 | US | Rating Lerman et al. 2016 | US | Choice Kirkland et al. 2018 (YouGov sample) | US | Choice Visalvanich 2017 | US | Choice Aguilar et al. 2015 (study 2) | Brazil | Choice Kirkland et al. 2018 (MTurk sample) | US | Rating Weaver 2012 | US | Rating Leeper et al. 2020 | US | Choice Carey et al. 2019 | US | Choice Carey et al. 2020 | US | Choice Hainmueller et al. 2014 | US | Rating Aguilar et al. 2015 (study 1) | Brazil | Choice Ono et al. 2019 | US | Choice Funck et al. 2021 | US | Choice Kirkland et al. 2018 (YouGov sample) | US | Rating Sances 2021 | US | Choice Weaver 2012 | US | Choice Peterson et al. 2017 | US | Choice Mummolo et al. 2019 | US | Choice Krupnikov et al. 2016 (Undergrad sample) | US | Choice −0.2 0.0 0.2 Average effect size Study | Country | Dependent Variable Voters do not assess Black political candidates differently than majority (white) candidates. The overall effect size is 0.006. On average, Black candidates are not at a significant disadvantage. We base this summary random effects estimate on 89.711 observations across 39 different studies/dependent variables. Figure 2: How do voters assess Black political candidates? Based on 86,740 observations, Figure 3 shows that voters assess Latinx candidates about the same as white candidates. We find another very small, negative overall effect size (-0.17 percentage points) which does not reach statistical significance. Although
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