58 1 their race/ethnicity (useful stereotypes). It would require especially tailored conjoints in which researchers explicitly ask the policy positions a voters expects a candidate to stand for (Arnesen et al., 2019). Whatever the mechanism, we conclude that, on average, the general voting population does not discriminate against racial/ethnic minority political candidates. Shared identification? The shared identification school studies whether minority voters prefer candidates of their racial/ethnic in-group. Figure 5 summarizes the results of all studies that include information (in their datasets) on respondent racial/ethnic characteristics. Across all minority races/ethnicities and based on more than 47,485 observations, we find an overall effect size of 7.9 percentage points, which is statistically significant and substantively meaningful. In fact, none of the studies reveal a statistically significant negative effect when respondents and candidates share the same race/ethnicity, whereas many report statistically significant positive effects. This means that racial/ ethnic minority voters assess racial/ethnically congruent politicians 7.9 percentage points higher than they assess the reference category, majority politicians. In Appendix 7 we take the effects of race/ethnicity in a politician and compare the racially/ ethnically minority congruent respondents with majority respondents and metaanalyze the difference-in-differences. This separate meta-analysis reveals an effect of 10 percentage points, even higher than the effect in Figure 5, making the case for shared identification even more strongly. Not only do minority respondents assess congruent political candidates more positively than they assess majority candidates, they also assess them more positively than majority respondents do. In Figure 6 we report the summary random effects estimates of each most randomized race/ethnicity separately and find that although both being Black garners higher effect sizes than both being Latinx, none of the summary estimates differ significantly from each other.
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