88 2 and limit their ability to have their voices heard. Muslims and Muslim’s preferred policies are often viewed through a contentious lens in politics, with some politicians and voters expressing disfavor, further hindering the meaningful representation of Muslims in the political sphere. On a whole, a political arena in which both people who descriptively and/or substantively represent Muslims is very unlikely to emerge in this political climate. This research highlights the role of in-group favoritism expressed through identity and policy and thus contributes to our understanding of Social Identity Theory and its implications for political representation in diverse societies. I highlight the importance of addressing all citizens’ feelings of representation, promoting substantive representation, and fostering a more inclusive and functioning democracy. Furthermore, recognizing representation as a moral and epistemic obligation, and promoting justice and legitimacy in the political system, underscores the significance of diverse representation in shaping a fair and equitable society for all.
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