94 3 in Morocco and 251 in Surinam. Our findings reveal that Muslim in-group favouritism strongly explains voting for DENK. Turkish or Moroccan in-group favouritism, discrimination, belonging and issues only do so to a much smaller degree. These findings contribute to scholarship on affinity voting in general (Bird et al., 2016; Dolan, 2008; van der Zwan et al., 2020) and Muslim affinity voting in particular (Azabar et al., 2020; Heath et al., 2015; Otjes and Krouwel, 2019). Given the unique presence of a party like DENK, the Netherlands serves as a laboratory for all countries with similar electorates. This study reveals what drives these otherwise hidden electorates and furthers our understanding of minority voting behaviour and affinity voting.
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